Air pollution is a global health concern, particularly in rapidly urbanizing regions such as Dhaka City, Bangladesh. The purpose of this systematic study is to determine how air pollution impacts children under five and also synthesize existing research to grasp the relationship between air pollution and health outcomes in this vulnerable population. The data have been extracted from studies that met the inclusion criteria as part of the review process. The studied findings of several research have explained that air pollution affects children's health due to many causes of some pollutants like sulfur dioxide, particulates matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone harm which are seriously harmful to the human body. In addition, it is found that air pollution can enhance the risk of a couple of health difficulties in children like low birth weights, neurodevelopmental abnormalities, cardiovascular diseases, and certain types of cancer-related issues. Also, air pollution can keep long-term negative development-related health effects on children's immune systems, infrequent respiratory outcomes including asthma, acute respiratory infections, and reduced lung function causing inflammation, and impairs lung development. Many socioeconomic factors contribute to the vulnerability of children in Dhaka City, including inadequate housing conditions, insufficient access to health care, and a need for more awareness. Moreover, effective policy interventions mitigate the adverse effects of air pollution on child health as well as improved urban planning, emission control technologies, the expansion of public transportation, and public awareness campaigns could reduce the negative impacts of air pollution on children's health. Additionally, government and non-governmental organizations have attempted to address this issue; nevertheless, more interdisciplinary partnerships and long-term initiatives are needed. As a result of this systematic review, comprehensive strategies that emphasize reducing air pollution levels, developing health services, and implementing targeted interventions to improve the well-being of this vulnerable population are necessary.
